Poster image of 《Confirm Humanity》 © Alternative Space LOOP

An artificial person resembling a real human, newly coined the “robot”, was first introduced to the world in Rossum’s Universal Robots, when the play premiered at the National Theatre in Prague, Czech Republic in 1920. In the play, the scientist “Rossum” attempts to prove that God is useless by creating an advanced version of humans.

The new life form invented by Rossum, called the “robots,” become mass produced and completely replace real humans in labor, war, and other fields. Freed from physical labor, humans begin to dream of paradise, but ultimately become obliterated by the more sophisticated robots that they created themselves. Today, after 100 years since its introduction, the “robot” imagined by Czech writer Karel Čapek enters a future beyond any imagination.

Artist Bokyung Jun explains, “In the current era of automation, we are no longer able to liberate ourselves from machines, because the position of both capitalists and laborers are overtaken by them.” Her solo exhibition, 《Confirm Humanity》, stems from the following questions: “If robots were created to maximize the efficiency of repetitive manufacturing, what should humans pursue in life?,” “Could the inefficiency of humans translate into something extraordinary?”

Over the years, the artist’s oeuvre has focused on discovering the aesthetic value in alienated human labor and the human body in labor. The barber, traditional confectionary baker, traditional puppeteer, and tailor, who appear in Lapis Philosophorum (2017) and The Gentleman’s Dignity (2018), are all craftsmen who work manually with their hands. These craftsmen, who continue to carry on their family enterprise over generations and for over 40 years, are all masters of their craft, but also a dying breed.


Bokyung Jun, Zeros: Operation Errors, 2020, 2-channel HD video, 13 min 20 sec © Bokyung Jun

Bokyung Jun questions what human labor, and the physical movements of labor, signify in our contemporary society overtaken by machines. This exhibition explores “the relationships of the body-sense-technology-(non)productivity” by studying the movements of dance artists, in stark contrast to the uniform movements of robots used in productive labor.

Four dancers appear in the video, Zeros: Operation Errors. Their choreography (or movement) is based on the motions of robotic arms used in car factories. The artist first makes drawings by observing the robot’s movements, and creates a score from the drawings.

The score is then given to the dancers, who produce their own choreography based on their personal impression. The robotic arm optimized for productive labor, becomes recreated into nonproductive human movements, such as line drawings and text.


Bokyung Jun, I Swear, I Am Not a Robot, 2021, 4-channel HD video, 23 min 53 sec © Bokyung Jun

Extending on Zeros: Operation Errors, the artist’s new video, I Swear, I Am Not a Robot, simplifies the motion of robots into arrows, which are then created into a set of physical movements. The movements are performed by four dancers, each using various joints of their body according to the length, direction, and rotation of the arrows.

This work stems from the question, “Unlike robots that endlessly replicate and repeat their given codes, how do humans interpret given information?” The codes converted into arrows serve as a kind of a rule for the dancers, but each performs movements unique to their own imagination, body, and rhythm.

In this video performed by four dancers, the artist explores the double meaning of the word mooyong – which translates to useless, and also dance (the two are a homonym in Korean) – and the body. One expresses the uselessness of the human body that is no longer deemed productive in comparison to the mechanical and consistent robots, while the other reflects on the artistic and active expressions of the human body through dance.

From Taylorism to the 4th industrial revolution, the efficient modes of production made possible by machines not only overtook and standardized the human body, but ironically, also rendered it lifeless. As demonstrated in the work, humans are incapable of executing their given framework with exact precision. They become offbeat, and as a result, malfunction.

Jun examines the body, which destroys order and propels forward toward its subjectivity unlike robots, and defines it as “human sense.” The artist juxtaposes the movements of this useless/dancing body with her text Prove Yourself, presented in a mechanical arrangement to propose a new kind of rhythm that merges the machine and human into a hybrid.

Another video, Head, Shoulders, Knee and Toes, is a score which converts the 6-axis movement (rotational, vertical, horizontal) of the robotic arm into arrows. The score in this video is identical to the one given to the dancers in I Swear, I Am Not a Robot. The text, presented on four sheets of A4 paper, explains how each dancer interpreted the arrows in their own way.

In Rossum’s Universal Robots, the chemical matter invented by the scientist Rossum and his son was intended to create a “new life form designed to obey humans unconditionally and perform physical labor in their place.” Humans were to reign as the capitalist, and grueling physical labor was to be substituted by the robots.

The key difference between humans and robots was “emotion,” but once the robots were instilled with emotion, they gradually begin to reject work. Equipped with emotion and now loathing labor, the robots begin to kill their human commanders one by one, and ultimately take over the world. In the end, they only spare the life of “Alquist,” an architect who becomes the last surviving human.

The machines, though originally devised to liberate humans, are evolving into a life form beyond the limits of humans today. If so, what will be the value of humans in the future?

References